In the current study, we examined exemptions to the Swedish ban on dumping at sea, to explore the extent of dumping and how ecological aspects were considered in the evaluation of risks. However, the perception of risk differs substantially among stakeholders and in Sweden there is a lack of guidelines for how to address such risk. International conventions limit dumping when there is a risk of adverse ecological effects, for example if the sediment is contaminated. Millions of tons of dredged sediment are dumped at sea annually. 4Department of Law, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.3Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.2Department for Management of Contaminated Sites, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. 1Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.Peter Bruce 1* Clare Bradshaw 1 Yvonne Ohlsson 2 Anna Sobek 3 Anna Christiernsson 4
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